Dear colleagues, I have been given the task of talking for twenty minutes to a hundred or so GCSE (14-16 yr old) students about the excitement of research in surface science. >From my own experience I can talk about SEM, SIMS, XPS, Raman, FTIR and AFM. But I don't want to turn them off with jargon - and I certainly don't want to patronise them with just a bundle of pretty SEM pictures. I need a balance between the two that provides real life applications of these techniques and how they can affect the real world! If you had this responsibility, what would _you_ choose to talk about? What would you show them that would amaze them and get them talking about surface science? What recent advancements would relate to them? Any advice or references would be very much appreciated, and needless to say, you can (hopefully) quietly pat yourself on the back for helping to recruit new surface scientists! I apologise if this is off-topic for this mailing list, though I hope you will still reply to me privately if you have any useful suggestions.. Thanks in advance, ---------------------- Jaya Chakrabarti-Gallemore Jaya.Chakrabarti@bristol.ac.uk From apx068@coventry.ac.uk Wed Oct 15 12:26:46 1997 Hi there, As a couple of suggestions, what about these... Link "real world" problems to the measurements. The two I can immediately think of are car wheel bearing & bullet proof jackets. With the former you can show a noisy wheel bearing and then the analysis of good parts and then the wear tracks. You can include EDX analysis to show how the source of any contamination can be inferred. Then you can link to protective coatings and the measurements of those. For the latter you can show images of materials that have been damaged and how shuch measurements lead to better understanding of materials and then allow "better" materials to be developed. Good luck! Jason Wiggins | Email (Order of Preference): Center For Data Storage Materials | J.Wiggins@coventry.ac.uk Coventry University, England | apx068@coventry.ac.uk Tel: ++44 1203 838 915 | jaw@xserv1.dl.ac.uk ============ "Trust me, it'll work - I'm a scientist" ============== From mcdpgws@fs1.ch.umist.ac.uk Wed Oct 15 12:32:59 1997 hello, glad to hear you're keen to inspire youns scinetists. I was took part this year in the PRI - pupil researcher initiative where Ph.D students get sent to local schools and talk about science etc to school kids. we got given lots of info and background about GCSE syllabuses etc and also some ' investiagtion' experiments that kids can do ina school lesson. I'd certainly be happy to forward you all this stuuf if you want it - though a lot of it is more 'general' science rather than specifically surface science. i gave a talk to 6th form about science research etc, and found that they moistly asked questions about 'what a typical day was' etc. they were intersted in how you started / went about research, and the sort of actvities i would do in an average day, what bits were good - what bits were frustrating..and maybe how this was different / better / worse that doing experiments at school. I realise this is an older age group than the group you are aiming at, but i wonder if maybe describing 'a day in the life of...' and putting in a few v basic expanations / pictures might be a helpful approach. good luck - and let me know if you'd like me to forward any info, or pass on the PRI address. Samantha Warren Dept. of Physics UMIST PO BOX 88 Manchester M60 1QD UK tel: +44 (0) 161 200 3968/3973 fax: +44 (0) 161 200 3941 From Gary.Nitowski@alcoa.com Wed Oct 15 13:14:44 1997 I would contact the education group at the American Chemical Society (or similar org. in UK). Surface science is not all UHV. There are "wet" chemistry demonstrations on surface effects that the students would enjoy, while absorbing some concepts of surfaces. Just a suggestion! Cheers, Gary Nitowski > From sramamur@julian.uwo.ca Wed Oct 15 13:20:21 1997 Hi Jaya: Sounds like an interesting assignment! My suggestion would be to briefly touch base on the basic principles of the techniques and spend more time on how these techniques can be used to solve real life problems. Since these kids are teenagers, applications in the automotive areas, such as paint delamination/adhesion problems; microelectronic areas - printed circuit board failures and troubleshooting; and AFM image of the surface of a CD and how it affetcs the quality of sound played etc., could be more appealing to them. Some of the applications which they can relate to will be very useful. I hope that this helps. If you are looking for some suitable applications, please let me know. With best regards, Sridhar Ramamurthy. --------------------------- Surface Science Western Tel.: 1 519 661 2173 The University of Western Ontario Fax.: 1 519 661 3709 London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada Email: sramamur@julian.uwo.ca From biesingr@julian.uwo.ca Wed Oct 15 13:42:38 1997 Jaya, I'd say talk about how surface science techniques can help solve real world problems. Especially problems pertaining to objects or subjects they know a little about or care about. One example we've used is about how we've look at compact discs for Sony (cd's - something every 14-16 year old knows about) using AFM. I've also talked about how we've used surface techcniques such as SEM and FTIR to look at problems associated with painting cars. Basicly, use a interesting bit (or hot topic)of science to demonstrate how surface analytical tools can solve problems. I hope this helps. Mark ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Mark C. Biesinger, Research Scientist Surface Science Western The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada Tel: (519) 661-2173, Fax: (519) 661-3709 http://www.uwo.ca/ssw/ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ From jwolsten@mailhost.fisonssurf.co.uk Wed Oct 15 14:32:20 1997 Dear Jaya, It sounds like a difficult task that you have been given, I don't envy you. I suggest that you look at our WWW pages: http:\\www.vgscientific.com You will find some data and pictures on them which could be useful, especially in the "What is XPS?", "What is Auger" etc. pages. If you want to use any of the experimental data and the quality is not good enough when the existing images are downloaded then let me know, I would be willing to supply some material on transparency. Regards, Dr John Wolstenholme Marketing Manager VG Scientific Tel +44 (0) 1342 327211 Fax +44 (0) 1342 324613 jwolstenholme@vgscientific.com E & OE Dear Jaya, Best of luck trying to stimulate 14 year old's! Many years ago I gave a presentation to a series of people who had little or no idea what surface science was all about so I related it to everyday problems and situations that they were familiar with. For example I illustrated the use of Teflon for non-stick frying pans, (I had a cute slide made of two eggs in a pan!), automotive catalytic converters for exhaust purification, paint adhesion and corrosion on cars, surface treatment on polymers for printing etc. There are many such examples, and although they can be addressed through different analytical techniques, there is a lot of relevant information that is obtained from the surface chemistry, which after all, if that isn't right things just don't work right! I hope this gives you some ideas to work from. Unfortunately I don't have very many of those original slides left, but I'm sure you can create some. Regards, David Surman, Ph.D. Kratos Analytical ------------------------------------- Name: David Surman E-mail: David Surman Date: 10/15/97 Time: 8:34:17 AM ------------------------------------- From schmid@iap.tuwien.ac.at Wed Oct 15 14:55:58 1997 Dear Dr. Chakrabarti-Gallemore, among the techniques you mention, >From my own experience I can talk about SEM, SIMS, XPS, Raman, FTIR >and AFM. there seems to be one missing which is especially well-suited in my eyes to grasp the attention of people not in the field of surface science: Atomic-level structure studies by STM. For getting an idea what I mean, have a look at Don EIgler's STM image gallery at IBM Almaden, http://www-i.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/gallery.html at our own STM gallery http://www.iap.tuwien.ac.at/www/surface/STM_Gallery/ or at works like e.g. Science 273 (1996)1688-1690 (T.Zambelli et al.) showing how catalysis works at the atomic scale (NO dissociation - an important process for exhaust gas purification) Maybe that's because I'm doing mainly STM, but nevertheless, I consider an atomically resolved image of a surface much more inspiring for newbies than let's say an XPS-spectrum. Yours sincerely, Michael Schmid _________________________________________________________ email: schmid@iap.tuwien.ac.at Institut fuer Allgemeine Physik, Technische Universitaet Wien Wiedner Hauptstr. 8-10/134, A-1040 Wien, Austria Tel. +43 1 58801-5743 or -5740, Fax +43 1 586 42 03 ________________________________________________________________________ From oliverg@maine.maine.edu Wed Oct 15 15:17:56 1997 Dear Jaya Don't apologize - sounds great. & quite a challenge! How about a water drop experiment on various natural materials & a demonstration of how the contact angle changes just by pressing say teflon against polyester. You could get them to construct a 'human lattice' with linked arm bonds and get the outside 'surface' ones to decribe how different it is there from in the 'bulk'. I'll keep thinking of ideas, good luck, Oliver Greenwood. From gdp@ppco.com Wed Oct 15 15:50:00 1997 Jaya, I often give tours through our labs here, and I try to emphasize the importance of surfaces, i.e., the surface is "where the action is." I like to talk about things like friction, lubrication, coatings, heterogeneous catalysis. Since we're fairly applied, I talk about problems solved in things they see every day. Adhesion is a good example, I give them examples of labels not sticking to plastic bottles or rubber soles of athletic shoes not sticking to the uppers--both systems we've looked at with XPS. I also throw in a little bit about UHV (I'm usually talking in the lab with a spectrometer beside me). I tell them how much the instrument costs and then tell them that it's worth it because it tells us things about surfaces that we can't find out any other way. That helps drive home the fact that surfaces are important. I would avoid trying to "educate" them in surface science. You can't do that in 20 minutes. You can show them that surface science is relevant to their world. Good Luck, George Parks *********************************************************** * George D. Parks (918) 661-7780 (work) * * 356 PL PRC (918) 662-1097 (FAX) * * Phillips Petroleum (918) 336-3041 (home) * * Bartlesville, OK 74004 gdp@ppco.com (work) * * gdparks@galstar.com (home) * *********************************************************** From peter@di.com Wed Oct 15 17:37:57 1997 Check out the images in our NanoTheater on our Web site at: http://www.di.com for surface scans relating to biology, computer chips/wafer fab, electronics, chemistry, etc. There should be something there interesting to savvy teenagers. Peter Lombrozo << NANOSCOPES >> Peter Lombrozo << See More & More of Less & Less >> peter@di.com << until you see Everything of Nothing! >> Software Engineer From ada2@inel.gov Wed Oct 15 18:37:59 1997 : Jaya, When I've talked to kids this age about mass spectrometry, I use the example of looking for drugs of abuse (cocaine) on hair via SIMS. This really gets their attention, and they all start feeling their hair. Anytime you can bring drugs, death, or expionage into the discussion they pay attention. Another fun subject is chemical warfare agents (Tokyo subway incident). Good Luck, . Tony Appelhans Idaho National Engineering Laboratory P.O. Box 1625 Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2208 208 526 0862 FAX 208 526 8541 e-mail ada2@inel.gov Hi Jaya! I think you could probably include something on the importance of oriented surfaces, surface area and self-assembly in life processes. There is also an active area of research in making modified surfaces to use as bio-sensors (e.g glucose) , biocompatible materials (e.g. contact lenses) and micro-machined systems (example, friction in micro-gears, thats probably way out where the technology is right now). this is the part of surface science that facsinated me when i was looking for research opportunities. two everyday exmples i can think of are the technology that goes into making 3M post-it (TM) stickers and the colloidal silica in transluscent tooth-pastes. i hope that was helpful. good luck w/ your talk! Kiran -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Kiran Bhadriraju campus mail Box-11, UMHC Biomedical Engineering Institute University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Ph: (612) 626-6360 - (care Dr Hansen) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- On Wed, 15 Oct 1997, Jaya Chakrabarti-Gallemore wrote: From borguet+@pitt.edu Wed Oct 15 19:44:00 1997 Hi Surface science is more than UHV! Liquid interfaces play an important role in our lives. Liquid interfaces play an important role in our weather and environment, considering the fact that >70% of the planet is covered by water. The human lung, a biological interface, enables the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between our blood and the air we breathe. You could discuss the role of surfactants in lowering interfacial tension at lung interfac. This makes it easier to breathe (expand lung => create greater surface area?). Children born without pulmonary surfactant have a hard time breathing. In fact surfactant is added to their lungs to assit in the breathing Hope this helps ======================================================================== Dr. Eric BORGUET Department of Chemistry & Surface Science Center University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 U.S.A. (412) 624-8304 Phone (412) 624-8552 Fax borguet+@pitt.edu http://www.chem.pitt.edu/faculty/borguet.html ======================================================================== From smith@physics.montana.edu Wed Oct 15 19:50:02 1997 : Dear Jaya, First of all, thank you for making the effort to promote science among the young scientists. My own experience is in ion channeling and RBS to study surface structure. So when I have 20 minutes I choose to talk about STM, channeling, and if time permits, XPS used in the holography mode. I talk about how an STM works, i.e a tip over the atoms giving a current, and over an open space giving no current), and show some neat pictures, e.g. the quantum corrals of Fe on Cu. Then I talk about channeling to see where the atoms are relative to the atoms under the surface. I use a flashlight (torch?) and a ball and stick model to show how optical shadowing can hide the subsurface atoms and say the incoming ions behave approximately like the incoming light beam. Finally, since many of them know about optical holograms, if there is time I point out that sometimes electron behave like waves, and consequently one can get electron holography using photoemission techniques. I avoid using any acronyms, and I try to avoid jargon but it slips in occasionally. For me the applications mentioned are better electronics, thin film magnets, studying basic physics using the quantum corrals, surface chemistry of hydrogen in metals associated with making lighter aircraft out of Ti alloys. I hope this gives you some food for thought, and good luck. WE all need to do more of this type of science promotion. Dick Smith > Dick Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman, MT 59717 phone: (406) 994-6152 fax: (406) 994-4452 smith@physics.montana.edu http://www.montana.edu/~wwwph/faculty/smith.html From Michael.Incorvia@Henkel-americas.com Wed Oct 15 21:08:02 1997 They may find interesting surface science techniques in metallurgical design, performance, and failure analysis. Such techniques could be related to their experiences with different metals and alloys. The design of special alloys for medical implants. A simple model of energy-in, energy-out to determine the "surface" atoms could be constructed by building a matrix of tennis balls, golf balls, billiard balls, and ping pong balls and probing it with say a marble. Questions could then be asked how they would determine the different surface species by relating the energy of the incoming marble to the rebounding marble etc. Hope these suggestions help. Good luck and have fun. Regards, Mike Incorvia From mikem@lesker.com Wed Oct 15 22:08:01 1997 : Jaya, I do a lot of lecturing on technical subjects (mostly vacuum and sputter deposition) and have the annual pleasure of talking to a group of American high school kids majoring in physics and chemistry. Over the years I have found discussions of "how the technique works" generates snoring. Examples of applications and what "big" results came out of the using the technique will partly keep them awake. But by far the best response comes when I illustrate the point by comparing it to some everyday event that the kids understand. "It's like..." has become my favorite phrase. It's a matter of style, of course, but I also find their attention span improves if, for a SIMS example, primary ions "pound into the surface creating havoc among the atoms that were giggling there minding their our business" A less anthropomorphic, more scientific explanation seems to chill the mood. My wife, a guidance councilor, has convinced me that different people learn in different ways so if you mix visual with audio with touchy-feely handouts (that you don't mind not getting back) you'll reach a larger fraction of your audience. My mid-twenties daughter still laughs when she recalls her biology teacher standing on the dais, raising his hands to form a U around his head and saying "I'm a Saguaro cactus." But she can't forget the name of that cactus nor its appearance. For specifics: I'd make sure I had STM pictures of the IBM logo (mapped by oxygen on osmium?), the smiley face, and the "world's smallest violin" (or guitar) micromachined into silicon that appeared in the popular press just a few days ago. For AES I'd probably ask John Yeats (Pittsburgh Univ) about his experiments determining where CO preferentially stuck to crystal surface when less than one monolayer thick and then describe that with an anology to a staircase, talking about risers, treads etc (whatever they're called in the UK). For FTIR, how about finding one of those bands that clip over the top of one's head that have two springs with balls on the end that bounce around? I think you could do a dandy job of explaining bond bending and stretching by putting just the right energy into your head shakes. For SEM I think I would show a bunch of pretty pictures but I'd start with dust mites, telling them how many hundreds they each carry in their eyebrows. That should keep them awake. Well, I won't go on and risk making you doze. Good luck, and I hope you enjoy the experience. Michael McKeown From DLNeiman@aol.com Thu Oct 16 03:20:04 1997 How about use of Auger depth profiles to determine if a wire caused a fire-producing short? If the wire caused the fire, elements (S, Cl) are found when the wire is profiled, but not if the wire didn't cause the fire. From walker@fizzy.murdoch.edu.au Thu Oct 16 03:26:04 1997 Hmm...good question, I'm personally using xps and auger analysis to look at silicon with a view to making (eventually) better solar amorphous cells) I've got one reference here though which is fairly applications based view of ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis - XPS basically) It's called How ESCA pays its way, It's by W.M. Riggs and R.G Beimer in Chemtech, november 1975 issue, pg 652 I know other surface scientists at Murdoch are using various surface analysis techniques to study the adsorption/absorption of gold/cyanide molecules onto activated carbon so as to improve the efficiency of gold extraction from ore.. Hope this helps some... Elaine ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Elaine Walker : Time paradoxes will have Murdoch University, Physics Dept : given me a headache. Email: walker@fizzy.murdoch.edu.au : ---------------------------------------------------------------------- No commercial Email, it's NOT welcome. From hauschild@physik.tu-clausthal.de Thu Oct 16 09:30:13 1997 > Dear colleagues, > > I have been given the task of talking for twenty minutes to a > hundred or so GCSE (14-16 yr old) students about the excitement of > research in surface science. > Dear Mr Chakrabarti! As a PhD student in surface magnetism, I just want to give you a hint in this direction. The giant magneto resistence (GMR) from layered materials (sandwich ferro/non/ferro -magnetic) was discovered approx 10 years ago and is now used in reading/writing heads of hard disks. Or the improvements of storage media (using the magneto optic kerr effect or recristallisation) comes also from the surface science (every one knows CD's). There was a special issue about this in physics today in 1995 vol 4. I hope this might help you. Sincerly yours Jens Hauschild From pk34689d@elab.tmf.bg.ac.yu Thu Oct 16 13:14:14 1997 Sir, My name is Predrag Kisa and I have just finished my grad. thesis on PVD, = now I have bachelors degree in metallurgy. I might not be the right = person to offer any suggestions, but why don't you try with this: Our civilization become prosperous when man discovered new materials = that could fulfill their needs, they could harvest more, fish more and = essentially live much better. Progress in any field of mans life is due to the breakthroughs in = finding and applying new materials. Computer design it's capacity and performance depend strongly on the = ways its hardware is being built (how a chip is made). Planes, boats, and cars became faster, safer and cheaper when new = materials were introduced. Space shuttle's ability to go and return from the space can be assigned = only to the new materials. These pointers should be worked out but I suppose that if you put in a = few jokes it would turn out to be a successful lecture.=20 Sincerely yours Predrag Kisa ---------- From gardella@acsu.buffalo.edu Thu Oct 16 13:26:19 1997 There are a series of demonstrations that 3M scientists use in schools in Minneapolis showing the wonders of surfaces from a practical standpoint, which would lead to surface science research. Much of it is focussed on adhesion, but I saw these given at the Gordon conference on Science fo Adhesion two years ago and they were great. Also, Professor Jim Wightman of Virginia Tech has a booklet on demonstratoins of surface science and chemistry used for school demonstrations. These are used here in Buffalo for our Graduate stduents who go to schools during National Chemistry Week. I am sure if you go to the 3M home mpage and look for their school outreach program you can get a contact to give you these demonstrations. Also, same with Wightman's booklet. These help a great deal make surface science relevant and exciting. These demos are fun to do also! Joe Gardella On Wed, 15 Oct 1997, Jaya Chakrabarti-Gallemore wrote: From surfmail@surf.ssw.uwo.ca Thu Oct 16 13:52:21 1997 There are a series of demonstrations that 3M scientists use in schools in Minneapolis showing the wonders of surfaces from a practical standpoint, which would lead to surface science research. Much of it is focussed on adhesion, but I saw these given at the Gordon conference on Science fo Adhesion two years ago and they were great. Also, Professor Jim Wightman of Virginia Tech has a booklet on demonstratoins of surface science and chemistry used for school demonstrations. These are used here in Buffalo for our Graduate stduents who go to schools during National Chemistry Week. I am sure if you go to the 3M home mpage and look for their school outreach program you can get a contact to give you these demonstrations. Also, same with Wightman's booklet. These help a great deal make surface science relevant and exciting. These demos are fun to do also! Joe Gardella On Wed, 15 Oct 1997, Jaya Chakrabarti-Gallemore wrote: > From shah@che.ufl.edu Wed Oct 15 16:19:57 1997 Dear Jaya, I would like to get your address so that I can send you some reprints on the world of surface science. I would start first with soap bubbles, then bring the concept of surface tension to explain the spherical shape of the bubble. You can take the commercially available soap solution to the class. Show spreading of oils on the tray filled with water. Show the solubiliza tion of oil soluble dye into micelle by showing that the aqueous solution becomes colored only if the micelles exist into the solution when oil soluble dye is added to the solution. Then come to the concept of surface of catalysts . Then discuss how the surface composition of metals or alloys can be different than the bulk composition of the material. And then say, how do we determine the surfce composition of metals and alloys ? And then bring ESCA, SIMS, LEEDS etc. with very Schematic picture illustrating the principle of the Technique. With best wishes and I hope this is of some use to you. --------------------------------------------- Dinesh O. Shah, Ph.D. Charles A. Stokes Professor and Director of the Center for Surface Science and Engineering University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, USA 32611 Phone: 352-392-0877 (Work) 352-378-3242 (Home) Fax: 352-392-0127 (Work) E-mail: shah@che.ufl.edu From jbellina@opal.saintmarys.edu Wed Oct 15 17:06:05 1997 I think I would first not think in terms of the instruments...thats our bag I know, but for young students, perhaps you need to focus on problems that have been solved and are yet to be solved. So I would think first in terms of your area of expertise, and how surface science approaches have made a difference. Of course then the problem is finding something in your experience that intersects with their in some way, however remote, so it becomes real to them. I'd be glad to chat more about this is that is your pleasure. cheers joe bellina From pmckeown@phi.com Wed Oct 15 16:06:02 1997 Jaya- I have visited junior and senior high schools and given short talks on chemistry and surface science. One of the things which has been well received is hard drive technology. I dismantled an old hard drive and passed it around the room - pointed out different parts of the drive. Then we discussed how tools such as Auger, XPS, SIMS.... are used to analyze defects, monitor processes.... I summarized the types of information one can obtain using each technique. I also bring along some photos of the systems. The students are usually stunned by the cost for suchs systems. (as are some of our customers!) I have also collected a number of biomedical implant devices (from heart valves to intraocular lenses and discuss the role of surface analysis in the field of biocompatibility. There are also some papers on the analysis of hair - by SIMS, XPS.... These are also quite interesting to the students. I have seen a number of environmental papers which may be of interest. SIMS and XPS analysis of pesticide residue of tree leaves, composition of coal dust and other airborne particulates. Some of the composites used in the aerospace industry are quite intersting- considerations for heat, weight durabilty... And again - how surface analysis can provide information about the materials. I may still have a poster which compares the relative sizes of materials so that students can get some perspective on what we can see with these techniques. The poster showed the diameter of a human hair, the thickness of a human fingerprint, a smoke particle , a gate oxide... ( I will look around for it and try to let you know where it came from). Regards- Pat McKeown Physical Electronics Inc. Eden Prairie, MN pmckeown@phi.com From piersokw@uwec.edu Thu Oct 16 17:22:26 1997 Hi Jaya, Talk about the increasing importance of surfaces as devices in the semiconductor industry get smaller and smaller. Surface properties begin to dominate the operation. Also, there is a huge push to develop micro mechanical machines ("nanites"- Star Trek). Here surface propertities will surely play a major role in the operation of the machines. The advent of probe spectroscopies has fostered an explosion in basic surface science research and technological applications. Eventually, there will be academic programs/major/minor in Surface Science just as there are in Materials Science. Good luck with your presentation. Could you forward the replies that you get on this subject. piersokw@uwec.edu Best regards, Kim ***************************** in sensor technology, From lxs@msi.com Thu Oct 16 22:48:17 1997 Hello, I read your post on sci.materials regarding research in surface analysis. I used to work with XPS and UPS and when non-science people asked me how these techniques are applied, I usually gave them the example of XPS used in rock analysis of samples obtained from moon. This usually caught people's attention and once a simple example like that is given, you can go to more difficult ones and the audience is willing to hear you out. The moon rock analysis is mentioned in Carlson's XPS text book and I think you might be able to find further refernces in there. hope this helps, lalitha -- ________________________________________________________ Lalitha Subramanian, Ph.D. email: lxs@msi.com Senior Research Scientist Phone: (619) 546-5369 Molecular Simulations Inc. Fax : (619) 458-0136 9685 Scranton Road Web: http://www.msi.com San Diego, CA 92121-3752 ________________________________________________________